System Development

THE IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Systems Development means arrange a new system to change all of the old system or repair it. The old system need to change or repaired caused by some problem, such as:

1. There are problems which appear in the old system. The problems appear as,

a. Not Settled System

This situation can make the system doesn’t work appropriate with our desire.

b. Organization Growth

Organization growth which caused the system must be rearranged by new system.

2. To reach opportunities

IT has been developed quickly. Hardware, computer, software, and communication technology have been developed. Organization feels that information technology needs to be used to increase information so it can support to reach an opinion which will do by management.

3. Directives

The new system arranges cause by instructions from the leader or from the outer of organization, such as from the government rules.

The reasons above can be used to be indicator problems and chances which can be reached so, the old system must be repaired, developed, increased or it can change by the new one. The indicators such as,

1. The complaint from customer

2. The delivery service which always pending

3. The late of salary

4. Not on time report

5. Wrong report contents

6. The responsibility does not clear

7. Low worker productivity

And many more

The Increase of system related to PIECES¹

1. Performance

2. Information

3. Control

4. Efficiency

5. Services

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLE

The principles² are:

1. The developed system is for management

If the is finish, then the user who will use the information from this system is management, so the system must be support all the needed of management. If you develop a system you must always remember this.

2. The developed system is for big financial capital investment

The information system that you have been develops needs financial capital investment. Each investment must be considered by two matters.

a. All alternative which present must be investigated

b. The best investigation must be value

3. The developed system need educate people

Human is the main factor that determine the success of a system

4. Job step and exercise which must do in process of developing system.

5. The developing system must not sequence

6. Don’t afraid to canceling project

7. The documentation must present for the manual on developing system

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)

Information developing system based on computer means complex exercise which needs many resources and spending time monthly even yearly to finish it. Developing system has some step to build start from planning, applying, operating, and care it. If there are still problems on the system and it can’t repaired in care stage, so the system must be developing again with a new system and this process back again to the first stage that is system planning. The process called system life cycle. This idea is simple and logically.

Here they are some of the model below:

1. Waterfall Model

Requirement, on this stage the analyst need to collecting the information from the customer what they need or from the top management either from aspect area also business strategy, towards system and desirable application.

Design, we do the systems analyst process, what is the feature, make this system look good. Beside that we also begin to make design of the system like interfaces, the data structure, the system architecture, and other need.

Implementation, implementation process is the next process after the system was designed. We build the application, start make program code until it ready to use as program application.

Verification, in this stage we evaluate the application. This process focused in internal logic from the application, as certain any line coding checking. Beside that we also check the errors from the system.

Maintenance, this process will repair the process and maintenance of the system. Repair process of the system caused by development of an OS, so the application must be repaired to update.

2. Iterative Model

This Model same as the waterfall model, we found same element at the waterfall model like requirement, design, implementation, and testing (verification)

Initial Planning, we start from planning and beginning ideas to make a system.

Planning, thinking what we must do for the system.

Requirement, Analysis and Design, Implementation, the steps same like the waterfall model.

Deployment, this process will deploy the application before testing so we know our system weakness.

Testing, this process focused to internal logic of the errors that we found after we deploy the application that we made.

Evaluate, in this stage we evaluate the application. This process focused in internal logic from the application, as certain any line coding checking. Beside that we also check the errors from the system. In renewal process will return to do planning process, data collecting (requirement), analysis system and design, implementation, deployment, testing, and return again to evaluation process.

3. Spiral Mode

Spiral Mode divided to 4 tasks, such as:

a. Determine Objectives, in this process we must determine what we will do for the system.

b. Identity and Resolve Risk, we have identification process here, planning and analyze the risk that maybe happen on the system. We must define resource, time precision, and other related information project to the system that we want to create.

c. Development and Test, we do engineering process here, construction, and testing the system. We create the code to build the application.

d. Plan the Next Iteration, we do iteration process here for next plan and evaluate each request from customer in order to change the system or application.

APPROACH SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

They are some approach to developing system³, such as:

1. Classical Approach VS Structural Approach

a. Classical Approach

• Stages on SDLC
• Not Including User, focused to system analyst
• The problems are hard to develop, treatment cost is too expensive, maybe has big mistakes, the success is not guarantee, and trouble on applied.

b. Structural Approach

• Involve user to determine system need
• Use some tools like data flow diagram

2. Piecemeal Approach VS System Approach

a. Piecemeal Approach

• Emphasize to an application or activity
• Not indicate all target

b. System Approach

• Looking system as an unity
• Emphasize to all the target reach

3. Bottom-Up Approach VS Top-Down Approach

a. Bottom-Up Approach

• Start from the down Level that is operational
• The Characteristics of Classical Approach
• Known as data-analyst

b. Top-Down Approach

• Start from the top level that is strategy planning
• The Characteristic of structural approach
• Also known as decision-analyst

4. Total System Approach VS Modular Approach

a. Total System Approach

• Develop system all at once and comprehensive
• The Characteristic of Classical Approach

b. Modular Approach

• Divide complex system to be some simple part
• The Developing process will be on time, easy to understand and treat it
• The characteristic of classical Approach

5. Great-Loop Approach VS Evolutionary Approach

a. Great-Loop Approach

• Developing system with high technology all at once
• High risk and high cost

b. Evolutionary Approach

• Applying high technology for the specific application
• Developing to follow the need
• Economical cost and following the development of technology

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM METHODOLOGY

Methodology is methods unitary, procedures, work concepts, rules or postulates which used of science, art and other discipline. Method is a systematically manner to do something. With the follow the procedures or methods given by a methodology, so we hope the system finished successfully. The sequence of procedures to solve these problems known as algorithm.

The present development methodology is usually made by book writer, researcher, system house, consultants or software industries. This methodology classified as prescriptive methodologies. Methodology can be classified to three groups⁴ such as, functional decomposition methodologies, data-oriented methodology, and prescriptive methodology.

1. Functional Decomposition Methodologies

This method emphasize to dividing system into smaller subsystems, so it is easier to understand, planning, and applying.

2. Data-oriented Methodologies

This methodology emphasized in characteristic of the data which will process.

This Methodology divides into two classes, such as:

a. Data flow oriented methodologies

Generally this methodology based in dividing system into modules based from element data type and logic behavior that module in the system.

b. Data structure oriented methodologies

This methodology emphasizes in input and output structure on a system. This structure used as structure based from its system later.

3. Prescriptive Methodologies

Belongs in this methodology are:

a. ISDOS (information system design and optimization)

b. PLEXSYS

c. PRIDE

d. SDM

e. SPECTRUM

f. SRES and SREM

g. And other

TOOLS IN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Tools in system development can be a picture or graphic.

The tools in graphic such as:

1. HIPO Diagram

2. Data flow diagram

3. Structured chart

4. SADT diagram

5. Warnier/Orr diagram

6. Jakson’s diagram

Beside the graphic, there is still some tools in graphic which have generally characteristic. It can use at all present methodology. This tool like chart. The Charts are classified as :

1. Activity Charting

a. System flowchart

b. Program flowchart divide to be:

• Program logic flowchart
• Detailed computer program flowchart

c. Paperwork flowchart

d. Process flowchart

e. Gantt chart

2. Layout Charting

3. Personal relationship charting

a. Working distribution chart

b. Organization chart

TECHNIQUE IN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

1. Project Management Technique, such as CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT(Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

2. Fact Finding Technique, this technique use to collecting data and finding facts in understanding present system. The technique are:

a. Interview.

b. Observation.

c. Questionaires.

d. Sampling.

3. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis or Cost-Benefit Analysis.

4. Technique for meeting.

5. Walkthrough technique.

SYSTEM ANALYST AND PROGRAMMER

System analyst means the people who analyze a system to identify the solution which have a reason. The responsibility of a system analyst is not only in create program, but in a system totality. Programmer is a people who write a program code of a certain application based to the analyze of system analyst.

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL THAT NEED TO BE SYSTEM ANALYST

The system analyst must have great knowledge and must be expert in his or her discipline. Some analyst agree that knowledge and skill bellow needed to be a good system analyst.

1. Knowledge and skill about data processing, computer technology, and computer programming.
   1. Technical skill must have belong to skill on using tool and application software development and skill to use computer.
   2. Technical knowledge must have belong to the knowledge about computer hardware, data communication technology, computer languages, operating system, utilities, and other software packets.
2. Knowledge about generally business.
3. Quantitative Methods
4. Skill to resolve problems
5. Skill to communicate between group
6. Skill to relation cultivate between group

^1.Jeffrey L. Whitten, Lonnie D. Bentley, Thomas I. M. Ho, System Analysis & Design Methods, (St. Louis: Times Mirror/ Mosby College Publishing, 1986), page 107-113

^2.Ibid., page 117-123

³Lihat Wilkonson, Accounting and Information System, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982) Page 547-549.

⁴A. Zyas, Op. cit., Page 132-133, 155-157

Reference: HM, Jogiyanto. Analysis & Desain Sistem Informasi. Yogyakarta : Andi, 2007.

Roger S. Pressman, Ph. D., Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak, Buku Satu, Yogyakarta: ANDI.